FORMACIÓN DE DOCENTES EN TIEMPOS DE DESINFORMACIÓN: EXPLORANDO EL EFECTO FORER PARA PROMOVER LA ALFABETIZACIÓN CIENTÍFICA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31692/2595-2498.v9i1.330Palabras clave:
Efecto Barnum, Naturaleza de la Ciencia, Problema de la demarcación, PseudocienciaResumen
La diseminación rápida y masiva de datos incorrectos y engañosos socava la toma de decisiones en diferentes contextos. Las pseudociencias, incluidas las pseudoterapias, alcanzan a las personas como parte de este proceso de desinformación, y el hecho de que explotan sesgos cognitivos o fallas de razonamiento es una de las razones por las que las personas son engañadas. La creencia en la astrología, en números o amuletos de la suerte, en el tarot, en la quiromancia, en la radiestesia, en los OVNIs, en las teorías de la conspiración o en las fake news, por ejemplo, radica en la escasa comprensión de las personas acerca de los tipos de razonamientos utilizados en las ciencias y del sistema social de frenos y contrapesos que hacen que el conocimiento científico sea confiable. Para superar este problema, existe un consenso de que los cursos de formación científica, en la educación básica y superior, deben promover la alfabetización científica, aprovechando la historia, la filosofía y la sociología de las ciencias para enseñar sobre aspectos de la naturaleza de la ciencia (NdC). Los programas educativos de eliminación de sesgos también contribuyen a la alfabetización científica. En este artículo, comunicamos el uso de una actividad que explora el efecto Forer para enseñar sobre sesgos cognitivos, el problema de la demarcación y aspectos de la NdC. El hallazgo principal de este artículo es que los docentes en formación inicial muestran una disposición a rechazar afirmaciones engañosas o falsas, pero fallan cuando las afirmaciones no se presentan con la etiqueta de una pseudociencia conocida. Señalamos una deficiencia en la metacognición y en la comprensión del escepticismo organizado de las ciencias, que necesita ser desarrollada en la educación básica y superior para la formación de ciudadanos capaces de distinguir entre información fiable e información engañosa.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Maria Eduarda Carvalho da Silva, Emerson de Andrade Moura, Dr. Ricardo Santos do Carmo (Autor)
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